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Kali tragus
''Kali tragus''〔Hossein Akhani, Gerald Edwards, Eric H. Roalson:''Diversification Of The Old World Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Of Nuclear And Chloroplast Data Sets And A Revised Classification'' In: ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 168(6), 2007: 931–956〕 is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is known by various common names such as prickly Russian thistle, windwitch, or common saltwort. It is widely known simply as tumbleweed because in many regions of the United States it is the commonest and most conspicuous species of tumbleweed. Informally it also is known as "Salsola", which was its generic name until fairly recently.
==Origin, taxonomy and distribution==
''Kali tragus'' is native to Eurasia but in the 1870s it appeared in South Dakota when flaxseed from Russia turned out to be contaminated with ''Kali'' seeds. Although it is the best-known of this group of weeds, and was at first thought to be a single well-defined species, it now is known to have included more than one species plus some hybrids. This has led to taxonomic confusion in dealing with species in the genera ''Salsola'' and ''Kali'' in America. Recent studies show that the population that once was assigned to ''Salsola tragus'' really includes three or more morphologically similar species that differ in flower size and shape. The group was widely assigned to the family Chenopodiaceae, but the Chenopodiaceae, including the genera ''Kali'' and ''Salsola'', have since been included in the Amaranthaceae. They now are allocated to the
Salsoloideae, a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae.〔Judd, Walter S. & Campbell, Christopher S. & Kellog, Elizabeth A. & Stevens, Peter F. & Donoghue, Michael J. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Pub: Sinauer 2007. ISBN 978-0878934072〕
''Kali tragus'' proved to be highly invasive as an introduced species and rapidly became a common ruderal weed of disturbed habitats in many regions of North America, particularly in the Midwest. The species also has become naturalized in various regions of Central and South America and in parts of Southern Africa and Australia.〔(Flora of North America )〕 It now occupies a wide variety of habitat types in those regions and often is the first or even the only colonizer in conditions where no local species can compete successfully. Because of its preference for sand and its tolerance of salinity, it commonly grows along sea beaches as well as in disturbed grassland and desert communities, especially in semiarid regions.〔Howard, Janet L. 1992. Salsola kali. In: Fire Effects Information System, (). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ (September 24 ).〕
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